Linux Commands 2
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Linux Commands
Continued from Linux Commands
1010.
SHELL INVOCATION AND RELATED COMMANDS
bash (1) - run the Bourne-Again SHell bash -e (1) - bash(1), but exit on an error builtins (1) - (bash(1) built-in commands) getopt (1) - parse command options (enhanced) rbash (1) - run a restricted bash(1) sh (1) - run bash(1) like the old sh(1)
1020.
UNBUILTINS
/bin/false (1) - do nothing, unsuccessfully /bin/kill (1) - signal a process /bin/pwd (1) - print name of current/working directory /bin/true (1) - do nothing, successfully /usr/bin/printf (1) - format and print data /usr/bin/test (1) - check file types and compare values /usr/bin/time (1) - run programs and summarize system resource usage
1111.
FILE LISTING AND FINDING
dir (1) - briefly ls(1) find (1) - search for files in a directory hierarchy limo (1) - LIst files with Many Options locate (1) - list files in databases that match a pattern ls (1) - list directory contents tree (1) - list directories in a tree-like format vdir (1) - verbosely ls(1) whereis (1) - locate a command's binary, source and manpage which (1) - locate a command
1112.
SYMBOLIC-LINK MANAGEMENT
ln (1) - make links between files namei (1) - follow a pathname until a terminal point is found readlink (1) - display target of symbolic link on std output symlinks (1) - maintain symbolic links
1113.
DIRECTORY MANAGEMENT
basename (1) - strip directory and suffix from filenames dirname (1) - strip non-directory suffix from filename mkdir (1) - make directories rmdir (1) - remove empty directories
1119.
OTHER GENERAL FILE COMMANDS
chmod (1) - change file access permissions cp (1) - copy files and directories dd (1) - convert and copy a file file (1) - determine file type install (1) - copy files and set attributes mkfifo (1) - make FIFOs (named pipes) mmv (1) - move/copy/append/link multiple files by wildcard mv (1) - move (rename) files newer (1) - compare file modification times rm (1) - remove files or directories stat (1) - display file or filesystem status touch (1) - change file timestamps
1121.
GENERAL TEXT COMMANDS
cat (1) - concatenate files and print on standard output head (1) - output the first part of files multitee (1) - send multiple inputs to multiple outputs rev (1) - reverse lines of a file split (1) - split a file into pieces tac (1) - concatenate and print files in reverse tail (1) - output the last part of files tee (1) - read from stdin and write to stdout and files
1122.
TEXT SCANNING AND FILTERING
awk (1) - scan patterns and process text egrep (1) - grep(1) using extended regexes expand (1) - convert tabs to spaces grep (1) - print lines matching a pattern pgrep (1) - grep(1) using with perl(1)-compatible regexes rgrep (1) - grep(1), scanning directories recursively sed (1) - apply the Stream EDitor wc (1) - count the bytes, words and lines in files wc -L (1) - print the length of the longest line
1123.
TEXT FORMATTING
column (1) - columnate lists fmt (1) - format text simply and optimally fold (1) - wrap each input line to fit in specified width nl (1) - number lines of files pr (1) - convert text files for printing
1124.
TEXT SORTING
sort (1) - sort lines of text files tsort (1) - perform topological sort uniq (1) - remove duplicate lines from a sorted file
1125.
TEXT COMPARISON
cmp (1) - compare two files or byte ranges comm (1) - compare two sorted files line by line diff (1) - find differences between two files diff3 (1) - find differences between three files merge (1) - merge three files patch (1) - apply a diff file to an original
1128.
BYTE HANDLING
cksum (1) - checksum and count the bytes in a file hexdump (1) - dump as ascii, decimal, hexadecimal or octal hextype (1) - dump as hexadecimal konwert (1) - convert among various character encodings md5sum (1) - generate or check MD5 message digests od (1) - dump files in octal and other formats sum (1) - checksum and count the blocks in a file xxd (1) - make a hexdump or do the reverse
1180.
DATE AND TIME
822-date (1) - print date and time in RFC822 format cal (1) - display a calendar date (1) - print or set the system date and time gcal (1) - display calendar sheets in many ways tzselect (1) - view timezones tzwatch (1) - display the time in user-specified timezones zdump (1) - print the current time in each named time zone
1190.
OTHER GENERAL COMMANDS
aspell (1) - check spelling interactively (improved) env (1) - run a program in a modified environment ispell (1) - check spelling interactively nice (1) - run a program with modified scheduling priority printenv (1) - print all or part of environment seq (1) - print a sequence of numbers sleep (1) - delay for a specified amount of time xargs (1) - build and execute command lines from stdin yes (1) - output a string repeatedly until killed
1210.
ARCHIVERS, COMPRESSORS AND RELATED TOOLS
bunzip2 (1) - decompress .bz2 files bzcat (1) - decompress .bz2 files to stdout bzip2 (1) - compress files in the block-sorting .bz2 format cpio (1) - copy files to and from archives gunzip (1) - expand files gzexe (1) - compress executable files in place gzip (1) - compress files makedist (1) - make a distribution kit ras (1) - apply this redundant archive system tar (1) - archive files in the .tar format zcat (1) - expand files to stdout zcmp (1) - compare compressed files with cmp(1) zdiff (1) - compare compressed files with diff(1) zegrep (1) - egrep(1) possibly compressed files zgrep (1) - grep(1) possibly compressed files
1221.
CRON AND AT
EXECUTION SCHEDULERS
at (1) - queue jobs for later execution atq (1) - examine jobs for later execution atrm (1) - delete jobs for later execution batch (1) - execute commands when system load levels permit crontab (1) - maintain crontab files for individual users
1222.
FILE-LOCKERS AND RELATED COMMANDS
lockfile (1) - conditionally create a semaphore file mktemp (1) - make a unique temporary file name tempfile (1) - create a temporary file in a safe manner uuidgen (1) - create a new universally unique identifier (UUID)
1231.
PAGERS AND DOCUMENTATION TOOLS
apropos (1) - search the manual-page names and descriptions ascii (1) - report character aliases bible (1) - look words and verses up in the Bible (KJV) col (1) - filter reverse line feeds from input col -b (1) - degroffify a man page to plain ascii dialog (1) - display dialog boxes from shell scripts dict (1) - run this dictionary database client info (1) - read Info documents less (1) - peruse files, allowing backward movement lynx (1) - browse the World Wide Web man (1) - display the on-line reference manuals manpath (1) - determine search path for manual pages more (1) - peruse files most (1) - browse or page through a text file pdmenu (1) - display full-screen menus pinfo (1) - curses based lynx(1)-style info browser randverse (1) - display a randomly selected verse from scripture sensible-pager (1) - run a sensible text pager whatis (1) - display manual-page descriptions whiptail (1) - display dialog boxes from shell scripts zless (1) - less(1) compressed text zmore (1) - more(1) compressed text
1232.
TEXT EDITORS
ae (1) - edit text with this tiny full-screen text editor ed (1) - edit text line by line elvis (1) - edit text with this ex/vi clone emacs (1) - edit text with this extensible display editor hexedit (1) - view and edit files in hexadecimal or in ascii nano (1) - edit text with this small, friendly editor sensible-editor (1) - run a sensible text editor typist (1) - teach the user to type vi (1) - edit text with this classic text editor vim (1) - edit text with this Vi IMproved
1241.
TTY-RELATED COMMANDS
clear (1) - clear the terminal screen infocmp (1) - compare or print out terminfo descriptions reset (1) - initialize the terminal script (1) - make typescript of terminal session setterm (1) - set terminal attributes splitvt (1) - run two shells in a split window stty (1) - change and print terminal line settings tic (1) - compile terminfo entry descriptions tput (1) - initialize a terminal or query terminfo database tset (1) - initialize the terminal tty (1) - print the name of the terminal connected to stdin
1242.
CONSOLE-RELATED COMMANDS
charset (1) - set an ACM for use as one of the G0/G1 charsets chvt (1) - change foreground virtual terminal dumpkeys (1) - dump keyboard translation tables deallocvt (1) - deallocate unused virtual terminals fgconsole (1) - print the number of the active VT font2psf (1) - convert 256-character font to psf font kbd_mode (1) - report or set the keyboard mode loadkeys (1) - load keyboard translation tables openvt (1) - start a program on a new virtual terminal (VT) psfaddtable (1) - add a unicode character table to a console font psfgettable (1) - extract the unicode char tabl from a console font psfstriptable (1) - remove the unicode char table from a console font setleds (1) - set the keyboard leds setmetamode (1) - define the keyboard meta key handling showcfont (1) - display all chars in the current screen-font showkey (1) - examine scancodes and keycodes the keyboard sends unicode_start (1) - put the console in unicode mode unicode_stop (1) - return the console to 8-bit mode vlock (1) - lock the virtual terminal (VT) vt-is-UTF8 (1) - check whether current VT is in UTF8- or byte-mode
1311.
C
cpp (1) - preprocess C and C++ gcc (1) - complile C and C++ ifnames (1) - print identifiers used in C preprocessr conditnls metrics (1) - (measure the size of C source files) untrigraph (1) - remove trigraphs from C source code
1312.
C_PLUS
C++
g++ (1) - compile C++ c++filt (1) - demangle C++ symbols
1313.
LINKING AND LIBRARY CONSTRUCTION
ar (1) - archive subroutines to create a library libtool (1) - generate both static and shared libraries ld (1) - combine object files and tie up symbol references ldd (1) - print shared library dependencies lorder (1) - list dependencies among object files nm (1) - list symbols from object files objcopy (1) - copy and translate object files objdump (1) - display information from object files ranlib (1) - generate index to archive
1314.
ASSEMBLY AND ASSEMBLY TOOLS
as (1) - assemble assembly language into machine language as86 (1) - assemble 8086 through 80386 gasp (1) - preprocess assembly language ld86 (1) - link as does ld(1), but for as86(1) nasm (1) - assemble 80x86 with the Netwide Assembler ndisasm (1) - disassemble 80x86 binary files (see nasm(1)) readelf (1) - preprocess assembly language; display ELF info size (1) - list section sizes and total size
1315.
MAKE
make (1) - maintain groups of programs
1316.
LEXING AND PARSING
bison (1) - generate parsers (replaces yacc(1)) flex (1) - generate fast lexical analyzers (replaces lex(1)) yyextract (1) - extract grammar rules from a yacc grammar
1318.
DEBUGGING
addr2line (1) - convert addresses into file names and line numbrs gcov (1) - test coverage program for GNU CC gdb (1) - debug a program by looking inside while it runs gprof (1) - display call-graph profile data ltrace (1) - trace library calls strace (1) - trace system calls and signals
1320.
REVISION CONTROL SYSTEM
(RCS)
ci (1) - check in RCS revisions co (1) - check out RCS revisions cvs (1) - apply the Concurrent Versions System ident (1) - identify RCS keyword strings in files pat (1) - (patch generator tools) rcs (1) - change RCS file attributes rcsdiff (1) - compare RCS revisions rcsintro (1) - (introduction to RCS commands) rcsmerge (1) - merge RCS revisions rlog (1) - print log messages and other info about RCS files
1330.
AUTOCONF
aclocal (1) - automatly generate aclocal.m4 from configure.in autoconf (1) - create scripts to config src pkgs using templates autoheader (1) - create template file of C #defines for configure automake (1) - automatically create Makefile.in from Makefile.am autoscan (1) - help to create a configure.in file m4 (1) - apply this macro processor
1340.
LARGE-SCALE INTERPRETERS
perl (1) - apply the Practical Extraction & Report Language python (1) - apply this interpreted, interactv, OO prog lang
1410. USER-LEVEL SYSTEM COMMANDS:
USER-ID CONTROL
chown (1) - change file owner and group id (1) - print real and effective UIDs and GIDs logname (1) - print user's login name newgrp (1) - change group ID sg (1) - execute command as different group ID su (1) - change user ID or become superuser super (1) - execute commands setuid root whoami (1) - print effective userid
1420. USER-LEVEL SYSTEM COMMANDS:
PROCESS CONTROL
fuser (1) - identify processes using files or sockets killall (1) - kill processes by name nohup (1) - run a command immune to hangups, to a non-tty ps (1) - report process status pstree (1) - display a tree of processes renice (1) - alter priority of running processes setuid (1) - run a command with a different uid skill (1) - signal a process identified in one of sevral ways slay (1) - kill all processes belonging to a user snice (1) - reprioritize a process top (1) - display top CPU processes
1430. USER-LEVEL SYSTEM COMMANDS:
FILESYSTEM INTERFACE
chattr (1) - change extended file attributes df (1) - report filesystem disk space usage du (1) - estimate file space usage kbackup (1) - apply Karsten's Backup Package lsattr (1) - list extended file attributes sync (1) - flush filesystem buffers
1440. USER-LEVEL SYSTEM COMMANDS:
USER-ACCOUNT ADMINISTRATION
ac (1) - print statistics about users' connect time chfn (1) - change user name and information chsh (1) - change login shell gpasswd (1) - administer the /etc/group file groups (1) - print the groups a user is in last (1) - show listing of last logged in users lastcomm (1) - print info out about previously executed commands makepasswd (1) - generate and/or encrypt passwords mkpasswd (1) - encrypt the given password using the given salt otp (1) - generate one-time key pads or password lists passwd (1) - change user password pwgen (1) - generate pronounceable passwords quota (1) - display disk usage and limits users (1) - print the user names of users currently logged in w (1) - show who is logged on and what they are doing who (1) - show who is logged on
1450. USER-LEVEL SYSTEM COMMANDS:
KERNEL INTERFACE
cdrecord (1) - record audio or data Compact Discs from a master free (1) - display amount of free and used memory linuxinfo (1) - display information about system memstat (1) - identify what's using up virtual memory syslog-summary (1) - summarize the contents of a syslog log file uname (1) - print system information uptime (1) - tell how long the system has been running
1460. USER-LEVEL SYSTEM COMMANDS:
DEBIAN SOFTWARE PACKAGE MANAGEMENT
debhelper (1) - (overview of the debhelper commands) dpkg-repack (1) - put an unpacked .deb file back together dpkg-source (1) - (Debian source package tools) gpg (1) - encryption and signing tool grep-dctrl (1) - grep(1) Debian control files lintian (1) - check Debian packages make-kpkg (1) - build Debian kernel packages from kernel sources update-menus (1) - generate Debian menu system
1490.
OTHER USER-LEVEL SYSTEM COMMANDS
fakeroot (1) - run a command in an environment faking root getent (1) - get entries from administrative database logger (1) - make entries in the system log login (1) - begin session on the system mknod (1) - make block or character special files news (1) - display system news updatedb (1) - update a filename database watch (1) - execute a program periodically, output fullscreen
1610.
PPP
(POINT-TO-POINT PROTOCOL)
plog (1) - list the log of the PPP connection poff (1) - start up the PPP connection pon (1) - shut down the PPP connection wvdial (1) - apply this PPP dialer with built-in intelligence
1621.
TCP/IP
getpeername (1) - get name of connected TCP/IP peer mini-inetd (1) - run this small TCP/IP connection dispatcher nc (1) - create, control and use network connections openssl (1) - use this cryptography toolkit sslwrap (1) - encrypt TCP services through TLS/SSL tcpbug (1) - apply this TCP/IP connection-bugging device tcpconnect (1) - run this general TCP/IP client tcplisten (1) - run this general TCP/IP server
1622.
DNS
dig (1) - send domain name query packets to name servers dnsdomainname (1) - show the system's DNS domain name dnsquery (1) - query domain name servers using resolver host (1) - query nameserver about domain names and zones hostname (1) - show or set the system's host name nslookup (1) - query internet name servers interactively whois (1) - access the Whois internet directory service zone (1) - query nameserver about domain names and zones
1631.
GENERAL NETWORK CLIENTS
finger (1) - look user information up irc (1) - engage in Internet Relay Chat mesg (1) - control write access to your terminal nwrite (1) - write(1), enhanced slrn (1) - read Usenet news ssh (1) - run this secure shell client (remote login prog) talk (1) - talk to another user telnet (1) - communicate interactively with another host wall (1) - write a message to users write (1) - send a message to another user
1632.
FTP CLIENTS AND RELATED TOOLS
(FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL)
curl (1) - get a file from an FTP or other server ftp (1) - transfer files over the network ftpget (1) - get files fast from the command line lftp (1) - run this sophisticated FTP program lftpget (1) - get files via FTP using lftp(1) mirrordir (1) - mirror dir trees with min changes, locally or FTP ncftp (1) - run this internet file transfer program pavuk (1) - retrieve docs recursively via HTTP/FTP, even SSL rsync (1) - transfer just the diffs betw two sets of files wget (1) - retrieve files from the world wide web
1640.
fetchmail (1) - fetch mail from POP, IMAP, or ETRN-capable server formail (1) - format or reformat mail from (1) - print names of those who have sent mail mpack (1) - pack a file in MIME format munpack (1) - unpack messages in MIME or split-uuencode format mutt (1) - run this mail user agent procmail (1) - process mail autonomously run-mailcap (1) - execute programs via entries in the mailcap file uudecode (1) - decode a file created by uuencode(1) uuencode (1) - encode a binary file vacation (1) - return "I am not here" indication
1711.
PRINTER MANAGEMENT
lpq (1) - examine the line-printer spooling queue lpr (1) - print off-line lprm (1) - remove jobs from the line-printer spooling queue
1712.
POSTSCRIPT AND PDF LASER-PRINTING
a2ps (1) - format files for printing on a PS printer abc2ps (1) - typeset an abc music score in PS dvips (1) - convert a TeX DVI file to PS enscript (1) - convert text files to PS epstopdf (1) - convert an EPS file to PDF grops (1) - filter groff to PS gs (1) - interpret/preview PS lasergnu (1) - send gnuplot(1) output to a printer mpage (1) - print multiple pages per sheet on PS printer pcal (1) - generate PS calendars pdf2ps (1) - translate PDF to PS pdflatex (1) - output PDF from LaTeX pdftex (1) - output PDF from TeX pdiff (1) - produce a pretty comparison between files ps2ascii (1) - translate PS or PDF to ascii ps2pdf (1) - translate PS to PDF psbook (1) - rearrange pages in PS file into signatures psmerge (1) - merge several PS files into one psnup (1) - put multiple pages per sheet psresize (1) - rescale & center a doc on differently sized paper psselect (1) - select pages from a PS file pstops (1) - shuffle pages in a PS file pstotext (1) - extract ascii text from a PS or PDF file
1713.
TEX DOCUMENT FORMATTER
AND TEXINFO DOCUMENTATION SYS
amstex (1) - format and typeset mathematical documents bibtex (1) - make a bibliography for (La)TeX dvidvi (1) - select and/or re-arrange pages in a TeX dvi file dviselect (1) - extract pages from DVI files dvitype (1) - translate a dvi file for humans jadetex (1) - process TeX files produced by jade(1)'s backend latex (1) - format and typeset structured text makeindex (1) - process document indices makeinfo (1) - translate Texinfo documents mf (1) - apply Metafont, a lang for font and logo design mpost (1) - apply MetaPost, a system for drawing pictures omega (1) - tex(1), extended for unicode pic (1) - compile pictures for troff or TeX tex (1) - format and typeset text texconfig (1) - configure teTeX texi2dvi (1) - print Texinfo documents
1714.
GROFF DOCUMENT FORMATTER
colcrt (1) - filter nroff(1) output for CRT preview eqn (1) - format equations for troff(1) groff (1) - format documents through this general front end nroff (1) - format documents for typewriter-like devices tbl (1) - format tables for troff(1) troff (1) - format documents in the classic Unix way troffcvt (1) - convert troff(1) input into an intermediate form
1715.
SGML XML
debiandoc-sgml (1) - (overview of the DebianDoc-SGML formatting tools) jade (1) - interpret DSSSL nsgmls (1) - parse and validate SGML sgmlspl (1) - apply this simple post-processor to nsgmls(1) sgmltools-v1 (1) - (SGML-tools translators to other markup langs)
1721.
GEOMETRY
aspline (1) - interpolate datasets using Akima splines drawmap (1) - draw customized maps, using raw USGS data files gcb (1) - calculate bearing and range to a location geod (1) - direct geodesic computations gmt (1) - (the Generic Mapping Tools) proj (1) - forward cartographic projection filter spline (1) - interpolate datasets using splines under tension
1727.
OTHER MATHEMATICAL TOOLS
bc (1) - apply this arbitrary-precision calculator lang calc (1) - use this C-style arbitrary-precision calculator dc (1) - use this RPN-style arbitrary precision calculator felt (1) - apply this cmd-line based Finite ELemenT engine genesis (1) - apply the GEneral NEural SImulation System octave (1) - apply this high-level interactive numerical lang ode (1) - solve ordinary differential equations numerically units (1) - convert dimensions from one unit to another
1728.
PLOTTING
gnuplot (1) - plot interactively
gri (1) - apply this scientific graphics language
jgraph (1) - plot graphs to PS
plotutils (1) - (plotting utilities)
plplot (1) - scientific plotting package ("info plplot")
1730.
IMAGE FILTERS, SOUND FILTERS AND RELATED TOOLS
abc2midi (1) - convert abc file to midi convert (1) - convert between image formats identify (1) - describe an image's format and characteristics mftext (1) - dump a MIDI file as text midi2abc (1) - convert MIDI file to abc pbmfilters (1) - (list of all programs in the `netpbm' package) play (1) - play any sound file to audio device playmidi (1) - play midi files sox (1) - apply this universal sound-sample translator timidity (1) - convert midi to wav and play the wav zgv (1) - view pictures via SVGA
1810.
X WINDOW SYSTEM
X (1x) - (a portable, network-transparent window system) XF86_SVGA (1x) - (SVGA X Window System servers for Unix on x86) XFree86 (1x) - (X11R6 for Unix on x86 platforms) Xserver (1x) - (X Window System display server) startx (1x) - initialize an X session xf86config (1x) - generate an XF86Config file xinit (1x) - initialize the X Window System
1821.
BASIC X TOOLS
xdpyinfo (1x) - run this display-information utility for X xkill (1x) - kill a client by its X resource xlsatoms (1x) - list interned atoms defined on server xlsclients (1x) - list client applications running on a display xprop (1x) - display X properties xrdb (1x) - run this X server resource database utility xrefresh (1x) - refresh all or part of an X screen xset (1x) - run this X user-preference utility xstdcmap (1x) - run this X standard-colormap utility xtoolwait (1x) - start X client and wait for it to map a window xtrlock (1x) - lock X display until password supplied xwininfo (1x) - run this window-information utility for X
1822.
X TTY-RELATED COMMANDS
resize (1x) - set TERMCAP & termnl to current xterm window size rxvt (1x) - xterm(1) lightly xterm (1x) - emulate a VT102 terminal on X yudit (1x) - edit unicode
1823.
X FONT MANAGEMENT
xfs (1x) - run the X font server xlsfonts (1x) - display the X server's font list
1824.
X IMAGE-HANDLING COMMANDS
display (1x) - display an image on any workstation running X import (1x) - capture and save some or all of an X servr screen xli (1x) - load images into an X11 window or root window xloadimage (1x) - load images into a window or onto the root window xwd (1x) - dump an image of an X window xwdtopnm (1x) - convert an X11 window dump into a portable anymap xwintoppm (1x) - dump an image of an X window in ppm(5) format xwud (1x) - display images on X
1830.
X PROGRAMMING TOOLS
imake (1x) - run this C-preprocessor interface to make(1) lndir (1x) - create a shadow dir of sym links to another tree makedepend (1x) - create dependencies in makefiles mkdirhier (1x) - make a directory hierarchy xmkmf (1x) - create a Makefile from an Imakefile
1841.
X LINE-DRAWING TOOLS
drawtool (1x) - drawing editor fig2dev (1x) - translate xfig(1) code to various graphics langs fig2ps2tex (1x) - generate a TeX file for including a PS file xfig (1x) - generate figures interactively under X11 xmgrace (1x) - make 2-D plots of scientific data: WYSIWYG
1842.
X MATHEMATICAL TOOLS
geomview (1x) - interactive geometry viewer moonlight (1x) - create and render 3D scenes rasmol (1x) - visualize molecules xlife (1x) - run Conway's Game of Life, for X
1843.
X GRAPHICS TOOLS
gimp (1x) - run this image-manipulation and paint program mgp (1x) - use this X11-based presentation tool
1847.
X DESKTOP CLOCKS
oclock (1x) - display this round X clock xclock (1x) - display this analog / digital X clock
1848.
X PRINT PREVIEWERS
ghostview (1x) - view PS documents using gs(1) gv (1x) - preview PS and PDF output gxditview (1x) - display gtroff output files tmview (1x) - view DVI files on SVGA or X Window displays xfig-pdf-viewer (1x) - view a PDF document using a PDF browser under X11
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